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1.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2023. 76 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1512965

ABSTRACT

O controle da leishmaniose visceral (LV) requer um diagnóstico e tratamento adequados, uma vez que o diagnóstico preciso é fundamental para um regime medicamentoso eficaz para os pacientes. Nesse contexto, as ferramentas biotecnológicas devem ser aprimoradas para o manejo clínico e a avaliação epidemiológica da doença. No entanto, existem limitações relacionadas com a sensibilidade e/ou especificidade dos antígenos usados atualmente, mostrando a necessidade de identificação de novas moléculas para serem testadas em um diagnóstico sorológico mais sensível e específico. Neste sentido, no presente estudo, uma abordagem imunoproteômica foi usada para identificar proteínas antigênicas das formas promastigotas e amastigotas da espécie Leishmania infantum, causadora de LV em nosso país, por meio de seu reconhecimento por anticorpos em soros de pacientes com a doença. Amostras de indivíduos saudáveis residentes em região endêmica da doença e de pacientes com Doença de Chagas foram utilizadas com a função de se obter proteínas mais específicas ao parasito Leishmania para serem avaliadas no diagnóstico da LV. Como resultados obtidos, um total de 29 e 21 proteínas foram identificadas nos extratos de formas promastigotas e amastigotas dos parasitos, respectivamente. Para a validação da capacidade diagnóstica, duas proteínas, endonuclease III e GTP-binding protein, foram selecionadas, clonadas, expressas e purificadas para serem testadas em experimentos de ELISA. Os resultados dos testes mostraram valores de sensibilidade e especificidade superiores a 99,0% para a identificação da LV. Os antígenos ainda exibiram um diferencial ao apresentarem baixa reatividade sorológica em pacientes curados e tratados, sugerindo a possibilidade de que as mesmas possam ser aplicadas como marcadores prognósticos da doença. Em conclusão, o estudo imunoproteômico se mostrou eficaz na seleção de proteínas antigênicas de L. infantum e duas delas, endonuclease III e GTP-binding protein, foram bem avaliadas para o diagnóstico da LV frente a um painel sorológico, além de demonstrarem um potencial para monitoramento de pacientes com LV após o tratamento.


The control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) requires an adequate diagnosis and treatment, since an accurate diagnosis is essential for an effective medication regimen for patients. In this context, biotechnological tools must be improved for the clinical management and epidemiological assessment of the disease. However, there are limitations related to the sensitivity and / or specificity of the antigens currently used, showing the necessity to identify new molecules to be tested in a more sensitive and specific serological diagnosis. In this sense, in the present study, an immunoproteomics approach was used to identify antigenic proteins of the Leishmania infantum promastigote and amastigote forms, which causes VL in our country, through its recognition by antibodies in sera of patients with the disease. Samples from healthy individuals living in an endemic region of the disease and from patients with Chagas disease were used to obtain more specific proteins for the Leishmania parasite, aiming their future application in the VL diagnosis. As results obtained, a total of 29 and 21 proteins were identified in the extracts of parasitic promastigotes and amastigotes, respectively. For validation of the diagnostic capacity, two proteins, endonuclease III and GTP-binding protein, were selected, cloned, expressed and purified to be tested in ELISA experiments. The test results showed sensitivity and specificity values greater than 99.0% for the identification of VL. The antigens also exhibited a differential when presenting low serological reactivity in cured and treated patients, suggesting the possibility that they can be applied as prognostic markers of the disease. In conclusion, the immunoproteomic study proved to be effective in the selection of L. infantum antigenic proteins and two of them, endonuclease III and GTP-binding protein, were well evaluated for the diagnosis of VL against a serological panel, in addition, demonstrating a potential for monitoring patients with VL after treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Recombinant Proteins , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Diagnosis
2.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2023. 124 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1444992

ABSTRACT

As leishmanioses são doenças tropicais negligenciadas com alta endemicidade e que afetam milhares de pessoas no mundo. Sua infecção é causada por parasitos protozoários do gênero Leishmania. A diversidade biológica entre as espécies é quem permite determinar as manifestações clínicas, sendo elas na forma de leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou leishmaniose tegumentar (LT). Dentre estas manifestações, a LV é considerada a mais grave, devido sua alta letalidade e grande emergência em indivíduos com a infecção provocada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Atualmente, as medidas de controle e prevenção adotadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), baseiam-se em uma combinação de estratégias de intervenção contra a infecção, uma vez que o diagnóstico eficaz e precoce é indispensável para que se possa intervir com o tratamento adequado, diminuindo índices de mortalidade e a evolução de complicações clínicas. Entretanto, os testes sorológicos utilizados apresentam sensibilidade e especificidade prejudicadas em pacientes com leishmanioses e/ou coinfectados LV/HIV, devido a baixos ní-veis de anticorpos antileishmanial ou pela presença de doenças que causem reação cruzada, levando a resultados falso-positivos. A sensibilidade torna-se também variável em pacientes tratados, uma vez que a sorologia pode manter-se positiva por meses ou anos após o fim do tratamento e cura da doença. Buscando resolver tal problemática, a identificação de novos antígenos, por meio de análises de bioinformática associadas à imunoproteômica, tem permitido a detecção de novas proteínas com potencial aplicação diagnóstica. Em estudos anteriores, as proteínas hipotéticas LiHyT, LiHyD, LiHyV e LiHyP foram encontradas em espécies de Leishmania spp, e avaliadas em suas versões recombinantes por meio de ensaios de ELISA, obtendo resultados satisfatórios para a detecção da LV humana e canina. Com base nessas informações, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma proteína quimera recombinante base-ada na predição de epítopos lineares específicos de células B das quatro proteínas antigênicas de L. infantum citadas e avaliar o potencial diagnóstico, assim como dos peptídeos individuais que a constituíram, frente à leishmaniose humana, bem como com a coinfecção com HIV, além de testar os antígenos como marcadores prognóstico após o tratamento da LV e LT. As sequências de aminoácidos das proteínas foram avaliadas e oito epítopos de células B foram preditos e utilizados na construção de uma nova proteína quimérica. A proteína foi expressa, purificada e avaliada como antígeno recombinante em ELISA para o diagnóstico de LV, LT, coinfecção LV/HIV e prognóstico em amostras de pacientes tratados de LV e LT. Os epítopos de células B usados na construção da quimera foram sintetizados e também testados em ELISA frente às mesmas amostras, assim como um extrato antigênico solúvel de Leishmania braziliensis (SLA). Os resultados mostraram que a proteína quimera apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade de 100% para diagnosticar a LV, LT e LV/HIV, enquanto os peptídeos sintéticos apresentaram sensibilidade variando entre eles de 9,1% a 90,9% para amostras de LT e 76,8% a 99,2% para amostras de LV e LV/HIV, já os valores de especificidade atingiram 98,3% a 99,1% para LT e 67,1% a 95,7% para LV e LV/HIV. O SLA apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade de 18,2% e 98,3% para LT, e 56,8% a 69,5% para amostras de LV e LV/HIV, respectivamente. Uma avaliação prognóstica preliminar mostrou ainda que os anticorpos anti-quimera diminuíram em níveis significativos, quando comparada a reatividade sorológica antes e seis meses após o tratamento, sugerindo um possível papel prognóstico da quimera para as leishmanioses. O presente estudo, mostrou-se eficaz na construção e avaliação de novos candidatos, que demonstram ter um bom desempenho na detecção diagnóstica e prognóstica para as leishmanioses e dos casos de coinfecção LV/HIV.


Leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases with high endemicity that affect thousands of people in the world. Infection is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. The biological diversity between species is what allows determining the clinical manifestations, either in the form of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL). Among these clinical manifestations, VL is considered the most serious, due to its high lethality and great emergence in individuals with infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Currently, the control and prevention measures adopted by the World Health Organiza-tion (WHO) are based on a combination of intervention strategies against the infection, since an effective and early diagnosis is essential to intervene with the appropriate treatment, decrea-sing mortality rates and evolution of clinical complications. However, the serological tests used show impaired sensitivity and specificity in patients with leishmaniasis and/or coinfected with VL/HIV, due to low levels of anti-leishmanial antibodies or the presence of diseases that cause cross-reaction, leading to false-positive results. The sensitivity also becomes variable in treated patients, since the serology can remain positive for months or years after the end of the trea-tment and cure of the disease. Seeking to solve this problem, the identification of new antigens, through bioinformatic analysis associated with immunoproteomic, has allowed the detection of new proteins with potential diagnostic application. In previous studies, the hypothetical proteins LiHyT, LiHyD, LiHyV and LiHyP were found in species of Leishmania spp, and evaluated in their recombinant versions through ELISA assays, and satisfactory results were obtained for the detection of human and canine VL. Based on this information, the present work aimed to develop a recombinant chimera protein through on the prediction of specific linear epitopes of B cells derived from these four antigenic proteins of L. infantum and to evaluate its diagnostic potential, as well as the individual peptides that constitute it, against human leishmaniasis, as well as co-infection with HIV, in addition to testing them as possible prognostic markers of patients after VL and TL treatment. The amino acid sequences of the proteins were evaluated and eight B cell epitopes were predicted and used in the construction of a new chimeric protein. The protein was expressed, purified and evaluated as a recombinant antigen in ELISA for the diagnosis of VL, TL, VL/HIV co-infection and prognosis in samples from patients treated for VL and TL. The B cell epitopes used in the construction of the chimera were synthesized and also tested in ELISA against the same samples, as well as a soluble Leishmania braziliensis antigenic extract (SLA). The results showed that the chimera protein apresented sensitivity and specificity of 100% for diagnosing VL, TL and VL/HIV, while the synthetic peptides showed sensitivity ranging from 9.1% to 90.9% for TL samples and 76.8 % to 99.2% for VL and VL/HIV samples, while the specificity values reached from 98.3% to 99.1% for TL and 67.1% to 95.7% for VL and VL/HIV. The SLA showed sensitivity and specificity of 18.2% and 98.3% for TL, and 56.8% to 69.5% for VL and VL/HIV samples, respectively. A preliminary prog-nostic evaluation also showed that anti-chimera antibodies significantly decreased when com-pared to serological reactivity before and six months after treatment, suggesting a possible prognostic role of the antigen for leishmaniasis. The present study proved to be effective in the construction and evaluation of new candidates, who demonstrate good performance in diagnos-tic and prognostic detection for leishmaniasis and VL/HIV co-infection.


Subject(s)
Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmania infantum , Neglected Diseases , Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte , Computational Biology , Academic Dissertation
3.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 42(4): 633-649, oct.-dic. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1420312

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La enfermedad de Chagas y la leishmaniasis tradicionalmente se han considerado zoonosis endémicas de áreas rurales del país. Sin embargo, la aparición de casos de estas enfermedades en áreas urbanas sugiere nuevos ciclos de circulación de estos parásitos. Por esta razón, se ha propuesto a los perros como centinelas de estos agentes zoonóticos, dado su rol como huéspedes accidentales o reservorios. Objetivo. Evaluar la circulación silenciosa de Leishmania spp. y Trypanosoma cruzi en perros de zonas urbanas de la ciudad de Sincelejo, Sucre. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 100 muestras de sangre de perros para amplificar la región ITS1 de Leishmania spp. Las muestras positivas se utilizaron para amplificar la región conservada del minicírculo del ADN del cinetoplasto de Leishmania infantum y para el análisis de polimorfismos de longitud de fragmentos de restricción con la endonucleasa HaelII. Por otra parte, se amplificó un fragmento del ADN satelital de T. cruzi. Además, se evaluó la presencia de infecciones por Ehrlichia canis y Anaplasma platys, como potencialmente modificadoras de las manifestaciones clínicas. Resultados. De los 100 perros estudiados, se detectó: Leishmania spp. en 32, T. cruzi en 12, ambos parásitos en 7 y L. infantum en 18. Se encontraron infecciones por anaplasmatáceos en 18, y coinfecciones por bacterias y parásitos en 8 de los perros. En general, 47 de los animales estaban infectados por, al menos, un agente etiológico. Conclusión. Se demuestra la circulación de L. infantum y T. cruzi en zonas urbanas de Sincelejo, así como coinfecciones de estos parásitos junto con parásitos de la familia Anaplasmataceae. El presente estudio demuestra la conveniencia del uso de perros en la vigilancia epidemiológica de estos agentes zoonóticos.


Introduction: Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi are considered endemic zoonotic agents in rural areas of the country; however, there is a high risk of urbanization due to anthropogenic processes. For this reason, dogs have been proposed as sentinels of these zoonoses given their role as patients, hosts and/or reservoirs. Objective: To assess the silent circulation of Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi parasites in canines from urban areas of Sincelejo, Sucre. Materials and methods: One hundred canine blood samples were used to amplify the ITS1 region of Leishmania spp. Positive samples were used to amplify the conserved region of the kinetoplast DNA minicircle of L. infantum and for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with HaelII endonuclease. In addition, a satellite DNA of T. cruzi was amplified. Also, the presence of Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys was evaluated as infections that can influence clinical symptoms and health of animals. Results: Leishmania spp. was detected in 32% (32/100) and T. cruzi in 12% (12/100) of the animals, and 7% (7/100) of the samples were positive for both parasites. Also, L. infantum and infections with Anaplasmataceae family parasites were both detected in 18 % (18/100) of the samples. In the same way, co-infections with bacteria and parasites were found in 8 % (8/100) of the animals. Overall, 47 % (47/100) of the animals were infected with at least one agent. Conclusion: The circulation of L. infantum and T. cruzi, as well as co-infections of pathogens of the Anaplasmataceae family, is demonstrated in urban areas of Sincelejo. The present study demonstrates the convenience of canines as epidemiological surveillance sentinels of these zoonotic agents.


Subject(s)
Trypanosoma cruzi , Zoonoses , Leishmania infantum , Urbanization , Colombia
4.
Arq. Ciênc. Vet. Zool. UNIPAR (Online) ; 25(2): e8655, jul-dez. 2022. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1399612

ABSTRACT

A leishmaniose visceral canina é uma doença de caráter zoonótico, acometendo os seres humanos e diversas espécies de animais silvestres e domésticos. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o uso da miltefosina no tratamento clínico de cães com leishmaniose visceral. Trata- se de uma revisão de literatura, a qual foi realizada por meio de consultas à periódicos e livros presentes na biblioteca do Cesmac. Foram utilizadas bases de dados como: portal Capes, SCIELO, Google Acadêmico; pesquisa em monografias, teses e dissertações. Causada pelo protozoário Leishmania chagasi, sendo o cão doméstico o principal reservatório desse protozoário. Por representar um problema grave de saúde pública e ser considerada uma doença potencialmente fatal (quando não tratada precocemente e adequadamente), faz- se importante que o clínico esteja familiarizado com os sinais clínicos, exames complementares e principais protocolos terapêuticos, em especial a utilização da miltefosina no tratamento da leishmaniose visceral em cães. Por ser uma zoonose que causa graves problemas de saúde pública e que vem crescendo cada vez mais no Brasil, cabe aos médicos veterinários assumirem o compromisso na conscientização sobre a importância do diagnóstico precoce além de promoverem o bem-estar animal e a saúde pública.(AU)


Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease, affecting humans and several species of wild and domestic animals. The objective of the present study was to carry out a literature review on the use of miltefosine in the clinical treatment of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. This is a literature review, which was carried out through consultations with periodicals and books present in the Cesmac library. Databases such as: Capes portal, SCIELO, Google Scholar; research in monographs, theses and dissertations. Caused by the protozoan Leishmania chagasi, with the domestic dog being the main reservoir of this protozoan. As it represents a serious public health problem and is considered a potentially fatal disease (when not treated early and properly), it is important that the clinician is familiar with the clinical signs, complementary exams and main therapeutic protocols, especially the use of miltefosine in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs. As it is a zoonosis that causes serious public health problems and that has been growing more and more in Brazil, it is up to veterinarians to make a commitment to raise awareness of the importance of early diagnosis in addition to promoting animal welfare and public health.(AU)


La leishmaniosis visceral canina es una enfermedad zoonótica que afecta a los seres humanos y a varias especies de animales salvajes y domésticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre el uso de la miltefosina en el tratamiento clínico de perros con leishmaniosis visceral. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica, que se realizó mediante consultas a publicaciones periódicas y libros presentes en la biblioteca del Cesmac. Se utilizaron bases de datos como: portal Capes, SCIELO, Google Académico; investigación en monografías, tesis y disertaciones. Causada por el protozoo Leishmania chagasi, siendo el perro doméstico el principal reservorio de este protozoo. Dado que representa un grave problema de salud pública y se considera una enfermedad potencialmente mortal (cuando no se trata de forma temprana y adecuada), es importante que el clínico esté familiarizado con los signos clínicos, las pruebas adicionales y los principales protocolos terapéuticos, especialmente el uso de miltefosina en el tratamiento de la leishmaniosis visceral en perros. Siendo una zoonosis que causa graves problemas de salud pública y que viene creciendo cada vez más en Brasil, corresponde a los veterinarios asumir el compromiso de concienciar sobre la importancia del diagnóstico precoz y promover el bienestar animal y la salud pública.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Leishmania infantum/drug effects , Dogs/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy , Antiparasitic Agents/administration & dosage , Neglected Diseases/drug therapy
5.
Braz. j. biol ; 82: e241162, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1278483

ABSTRACT

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and a major zoonotic disease in Brazil. Due to the southward expansion of the disease within the country and the central role of dogs as urban reservoirs of the parasite, we have investigated the occurrence of CVL in two municipalities Erval Velho and Herval d'Oeste in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina state. Peripheral blood samples from 126 dogs were collected in both cities and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF) and for the presence of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood. From examined dogs, 35.71% (45/126) were positive for at least one of the three tests and two (1.6%) were positive in all performed tests. Twelve dogs (9.5%) were positive for both ELISA and IIF, while 21 dogs were exclusively positive for ELISA (16.7%), and 15 (11.9%) for IIF. L. infantum k-DNA was detected by PCR in 9 out of 126 dogs (7.1%) and clinical symptoms compatible with CVL were observed for 6 dogs. Taken together, these results indicate the transmission of CVL in this region, highlighting the needs for epidemiological surveillance and implementation of control measures for CVL transmission in this region.


A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) causada pela Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum e transmitida por flebotomíneos e é uma das principais zoonoses do Brasil que se encontra em expansão em estados da região sul do país, sendo os cães o principal reservatório urbano do parasito. O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de LVC em dois municípios, Erval Velho e Herval d'Oeste localizados no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina. Para tanto, amostras de sangue periférico de 126 cães foram coletadas em ambas as cidades e submetidas à detecção de anticorpos anti-L. infantum por meio de testes de ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), bem com a detecção de k-DNA pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Além disso, também foram observados os sintomas clínicos e as condições ambientais associadas a esses animais. Dos cães examinados, 35,7% (45/126) foram positivos para pelo menos um dos três testes, dois cães (1,6%) foram positivos em todos os três testes, 12 cães (9,5%) foram positivos tanto no ELISA quanto na IFI, enquanto 21 cães (16,7%) foram positivos para ELISA e 15 (11,9%) para o IFI. A amplificação do k-DNA de L. infantum foi positiva em 9 dos 126 cães (7,1%). Entre os cães positivos seis apresentaram um ou mais sintomas clínicos correlacionados com a LVC. Esses resultados confirmaram a ocorrência de LVC na região e destacaram a importância do monitoramento e implementação de medidas de controle para a LVC nessa região.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities
6.
Rev. patol. trop ; 51(2): 144-156, 2022.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1414441

ABSTRACT

Acute-phase reaction (APR) and its marker C-reactive protein (CRP) are heightened in some infectious diseases. APR may contribute to clinical manifestations of systemic inflammation such as hemorrhages, anemia and edema. These symptoms are shared by visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a disease caused by the protozoa Leishmania infantum and L. donovani. The former is zoonotic, hitting mostly children and the immunosuppressed, with higher mortality. As APR and CRP have not been studied in VL caused by L. infantum, we decided to investigate their role as diagnostic and prognostic tools in Brazil. We measured CRP in 136 patients before the treatment of VL and 128 who survived and returned 30 days later and compared it to the clinical presentation, HIV status, and disease severity. Sensitivity for the disease was 97.8% (95%CI: 93.7 - 99.5) and specificity was 85.9% (95%CI: 78.7 - 91.0) with the cut-off of 10mg/L. There was no association of CRP concentration with demographic, clinical and laboratory data. The correlation between pre-and post-treatment levels existed but was poor. Marginal association with the presence of parasites in the bone marrow and death was noticed. The role of APR in the pathogenesis of VL and disease severity remains to be explored. However, the study reveals the significant role of CRP for VL caused by L. infantum and should be routinely required for the diagnosis and follow-up.


Subject(s)
Severity of Illness Index , Communicable Diseases , Mortality , Leishmania infantum
7.
Rev. epidemiol. controle infecç ; 11(2): [1-14], abr.-jun. 2021. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1362767

ABSTRACT

Justificativa e Objetivos: A leishmaniose visceral apresenta considerável expansão em centros urbanos no Piauí, e a sua ocorrência é marcada por sucessivos registros de surtos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os casos notificados de Leishmaniose Visceral Humana no Piauí, entre os anos de 2007 e 2017. Métodos: Os dados sobre os números de casos e variáveis, como a distribuição no tempo, no espaço e algumas características das pessoas atingidas, óbitos e diagnóstico, foram através do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINANDatasus). Resultados: Foram notificados 2.447 casos, com 2.265 casos autóctones (92,56%), e o diagnóstico laboratorial conclusivo foi realizado em 86,6% dos casos. O ano de 2014 foi o ano com maior registro (283 casos) e maior coeficiente de letalidade anual de 14,1%. Ao todo, 183 municípios (81,7%) apresentaram casos positivos em residentes. Na capital, Teresina, ocorreu o maior número de casos em residentes (734 casos, 30%) e foi o município que mais notificou em todo o estado (1.859 casos, 75,97%). Os mais acometidos foram indivíduos do sexo masculino (66,30%) e faixa etária menor que 10 anos (43,44%). Em relação à escolaridade, a classificação "não se aplica" foi mais prevalente (39,84%), assim como a raça/cor parda (88,27%) e a zona residencial urbana (67,63%). Conclusão: A realização destas análises fornece informações sobre a situação epidemiológica da leishmaniose visceral no Piauí em uma série histórica de 2007 a 2017, como a distribuição espacial dos casos, municípios com maiores incidências, a dificuldade de acesso ao diagnóstico, grupos sociais mais acometidos e óbitos, podendo auxiliar no direcionamento das ações para o controle da doença no estado.(AU)


Background and Objectives: Visceral leishmaniasis presents considerable expansion in urban centers in the state of Piauí and its occurrence is marked by successive records of outbreaks. To analyze the reported cases of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in Piauí, between 2007 and 2017. Methods: The data about the number of cases and variables such as distribution in time, space and some characteristics of the affected people, deaths and diagnosis were obtained from Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN-Datasus) Results: 2,447 cases were reported, of which 2,265 autochthonous cases (92.56%). The conclusive diagnosis was made in 86.6% of the cases. The year with the highest record (283 cases) was 2014, also the annual lethality rate was 14.1%. Positive cases were registered in residents of 183 municipalities (81.7%). The capital Teresina presents the highest number of cases in residents (734.30%) and notification (1,859, 75.97%). Males (66.30%) were the most affected and individuals under 10 years old (43.44%). Regarding education, the classification "does not apply" (39.84%) was the most prevalent, as well as brown race/color (88.27%) and the urban residential area (67.63%). Conclusion: Epidemiological assay provides knowledge about the real epidemiological situation in the state of Piauí, such as profile characterization, frequency of cases occurrence, assisting in actions for control and eradication of the disease in the state.(AU)


Justificación y Objetivos: La Leishmaniasis visceral presenta una expansión considerable en los centros urbanos de Piauí, y su aparición está marcada por sucesivos registros de brotes. Analizar los casos reportados de Leishmaniasis Visceral Humana en Piauí, entre los años 2007 a 2017. Métodos: Datos sobre el número de casos y variables como distribución en tiempo, espacio y algunas características de las personas afectadas, defunciones y diagnóstico fueron obtenido mediante el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables (SINAN-Datasus). Resultados: Fueron notificados 2.447 casos, con 2.265 casos autóctonos (92,56%). El diagnóstico de laboratorio concluyente se realizó en el 86,6% de los casos. 2014 fue el año con el récord más alto (283 casos) y la tasa de letalidad anual del 14,1%. 183 municipios (81,7%) presentó casos positivos en residentes. La capital Teresina tuvo el mayor número de casos en residentes (734 casos, 30%) y fue el municipio que más reportó en todo el estado (1.859 casos, 75,97%). Los más afectados pertenecían al sexo masculino (66,30%) y los menores de 10 años (43,44%). En cuanto a la educación, la clasificación "no aplica" fue más prevalente (39,84%) y la zona residencial urbana (67,63%). Conclusión: La realización de estos análisis aporta conocimiento sobre la situación epidemiológica en Piauí en una serie histórica de 2007 a 2017, como la caracterización de los casos, las fallas en los registros y la frecuencia de ocurrencia de los casos, ayudando a orientar las acciones para el control en el estado.(AU)


Subject(s)
Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology
8.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 41: e06773, 2021. tab, mapas, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1346692

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and to identify the differences in associated factors to its occurrence in urban area and countrysides in the municipality of Santa Luzia located in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. In the years 2015 and 2016, 779 blood samples from dogs were collected. The prevalence was determined by three serological techniques, ELISA-S7® Kit, DPP® Rapid Test and EIE-LVC® Kit, considering positive the samples that reacted in at least two assays. Associated factors were determined by univariate and multivariate analyzes of the guardians' responses to the epidemiological questionnaire. The prevalence of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in the studied municipality was 15.00% (117/779), being higher in the urban area (15.20%) than in the countryside (13.60%). The neighborhood with the highest prevalence was Frei Damião with 26.40% (33/125), being considered a hotspot (OR 1.245, p=0.007). Other associated factors were the semi-domiciliary breeding (OR 1.798, p=0.025), in the urban area, and hunting dog (OR 18.505, p=0.016), contact with cattle (OR 17.298, p=0.022) and environment where the dog is raised (OR 4.802, p=0.024) in the countryside. In the municipality of Santa Luzia, the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis is high and the disease is widely distributed. Epidemiological differences between urban area and the countryside could be observed demonstrating the need for more adequate control measures for each locality and proving the urbanization process.(AU)


O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estimar a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) e identificar as diferenças nos fatores relacionados à sua ocorrência nas zonas urbana e rural do município de Santa Luzia, localizado no semiárido paraibano. Nos anos de 2015 e 2016, coletaram-se 779 amostras de sangue de cães. A prevalência foi determinada através de três técnicas sorológicas, Kit ELISA-S7®, teste rápido DPP® e Kit EIE-LVC®, considerando positivas as amostras que reagiram em, pelo menos, dois ensaios. Os fatores relacionados foram determinados por meio das análises estatísticas uni e multivariada das respostas dos tutores ao questionário epidemiológico. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leishmania infantum encontrada no município estudado foi de 15,00% (117/779), sendo maior na zona urbana (15,20%) do que na rural (13,60%). O bairro que apresentou maior prevalência foi o Frei Damião com 26,40% (33/125), sendo considerado um hotspot (OR 1,245; p=0,007). Outros fatores relacionados encontrados foram a criação semidomiciliar (OR 1,798; p=0,025), na zorna urbana, e cão de caça (OR 18,505; p=0,016), contato com bovinos (OR 17,298; p=0,022) e ambiente onde o cão é criado (OR 4,802; p=0,024), na zona rural. Verifica-se a elevada prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina e a sua ampla distribuição no município de Santa Luzia. Diferenças epidemiológicas entre as zonas urbana e rural puderam ser observadas, demonstrando a necessidade de medidas de controle mais adequadas para cada localidade e comprovando o processo de urbanização.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Health Surveys , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
9.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(4): e011021, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1351874

ABSTRACT

Abstract Leishmaniases are zoonotic diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The disease has two clinical manifestations described in humans: visceral (VL) and cutaneous (CL) leishmaniasis. In Brazil, there has been an expansion of human VL. The participation of the dog as a reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the agent of VL, is important for the epidemiology of the disease since canine cases generally precede human cases. The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Leishmania spp. infection in dogs in the municipality of Ji-Paraná by PCR assays using blood samples. Leishmania DNA was detected in two of the 105 studied dogs. The PCR products were sequenced and confirmed that the two samples (1.90%) correspond to L. infantum. The dogs had allochthonous history. Therefore, the positive results found here should serve as a warning to public health agencies. This is because Ji-Paraná is the third municipality to register cases of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in Rondônia state. Thus, reinforcing the importance of expanding studies on the epidemiology and surveillance of VL in the region.


Resumo As leishmanioses são doenças causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. A doença apresenta duas manifestações clínicas: leishmaniose visceral (LV) e cutânea (LC). No Brasil, a LV está em expansão. A participação do cão como reservatório é importante para a epidemiologia da doença, pois os casos caninos geralmente precedem os humanos. O presente estudo avaliou a ocorrência de LV em cães (LVC) do município de Ji-Paraná por meio de ensaios de PCR, utilizando-se amostras de sangue. O DNA de Leishmania foi detectado em dois dos 105 cães estudados. Os produtos da PCR foram sequenciados e confirmaram que duas amostras (1,90%) eram Leishmania infantum. Os cães tinham histórico alóctone. Os resultados positivos encontrados servem de alerta aos órgãos públicos de saúde. Isso porque Ji-Paraná é o terceiro município a registrar casos de LVC no estado de Rondônia. Dessa forma, reforça-se a importância da ampliação dos estudos sobre a epidemiologia e vigilância da LV na região.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Leishmaniasis/veterinary , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
10.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(4): e015021, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1351876

ABSTRACT

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic zoonosis that mainly affects poorest and most vulnerable populations, and domestic dogs are considered to be the main source of infection to the vector and therefore humans. However, several studies have investigated the role of other vertebrate hosts in the disease cycle. In this context, the aim of the present study was to conduct a survey of Leishmania infantum infection in donkeys and mules living in a semiarid region of Brazil. Whole blood sampled from 72 equids (65 donkeys and 7 mules) was used to perform molecular diagnosis using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. A total of 25% of the samples (18/72) were positive through qPCR, but there were no significant differences between the species (donkeys or mules), sex (male or female) and abandonment situation of the animals (yes or no). Donkeys and mules living under semiarid conditions have high frequency of L. infantum infection. It is therefore worth assigning importance to these species in the epidemiological cycle of visceral leishmaniasis, either as potential reservoirs or just as an abundant food source for vectors.


Resumo A leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose parasitária que afeta principalmente populações mais pobres e vulneráveis, e os cães domésticos são considerados as principais fontes de infecção para o vetor e, portanto, para os humanos. Porém diversos estudos têm pesquisado o papel de outros hospedeiros vertebrados no ciclo da doença. Neste contexto, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento da infecção por Leishmania infantum em asininos e muares, vivendo em região semiárida do Brasil. Foi utilizado sangue total de 72 equídeos (65 asininos e 7 muares) para a realização de diagnóstico molecular por meio da técnica de Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase em Tempo Real (qPCR). Um total de 25% das amostras (18/72) resultaram positivas na qPCR, porém não houve diferença significativa entre as espécies (asininos e muares), sexo (macho e fêmea) e situação de abandono dos animais (sim ou não). Asininos e muares, vivendo em condições semiáridas, apresentam alta frequência de infecção por L. infantum, sendo válido atribuir importância a essas espécies no ciclo epidemiológico da leishmaniose visceral, seja como um reservatório em potencial, seja apenas como uma fonte alimentar abundante para os vetores.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Dogs , Leishmaniasis/veterinary , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Dog Diseases , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Equidae
11.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 49: Pub. 1817, 2021. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1363858

ABSTRACT

Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL) is a multisystemic and chronic inflammatory disease characterized by nonspecific clinical manifestations. In CanL, inflammatory cells and chemical mediators released in response to the parasite play a role in disease development and progression. Alterations on hematological parameters have been documented in CanL. These changes can also be assessed in relation to systemic inflammation caused by this disease. The circulating leukocyte counting, such as neutrophils, as well as the albumin level, are considered direct indicators of an inflammatory host environment. Several studies point to the use of biomarkers on the assistance in diagnosis and prognosis of several canine pathologies. The present study investigated the Neutrophils to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Albumin to Globulin Ratio (AGR), and Neutrophils to Albumin Ratio (NAR) on systemic inflammatory response induced by Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL). For this purpose, adult dogs with confirmed diagnosis to CanL were divided into symptomatic (SD, n = 33) and asymptomatic (AD, n = 20) dogs for L. infantum and control dogs (CD, n = 20). Routine hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in blood samples using a veterinary automatic hematology and biochemical analyzers. Asymptomatic dogs (AD) had a higher number of white blood cells and neutrophils (16.48 ± 4.93; 13.41 ± 3.60, respectively) in relation to symptomatic dogs (SD) (13.54 ± 5.13; 10.42 ± 3.69, respectively) (P = 0.015 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Neutrophils to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) was higher in dogs with leishmaniasis (9.45 ± 3.76) than in healthy dogs (3.39 ± 1.19) (P < 0.0001). Serum total proteins (STP) and globulins increased in CanL, while albumin and AGR decreased in CanL, when compared to CD and references values to canine species. Neutrophils to Albumin Ratio (NAR) was higher in AD and SD (5.02 ± 1.14; 4.79 ± 1.07, respectively) when compared to CD (2.36 ± 0.55) (P < 0.0001). As reported in scientific researches, dogs with Leishmaniasis present alterations in circulating cell counts. Based on these data, we decided to expand this information using the NLR as a parameter in an attempt to better clarify the changes in these cells in CanL. We observed that NLR was increased on CanL in relation to healthy dogs, which could be a consequence of relative neutrophilia rather than lymphopenia. Neutrophils to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is a biomarker that conveys information about inflammatory conditions. An elevated NLR can reflect an upregulated innate immune response, since neutrophils are effector cells of innate immunity and are involved in several acute and chronic inflammatory processes. Albumin is an acute phase protein that is considered an immune-inflammatory biomarker, which can be found reduced systemically in progressive inflammatory response. Serum total proteins (STP) and globulins were increased in CanL. These data are already well documented in CanL, which serum globulins are mainly associated with the increase of acute phase proteins, cytokines, and increase of specific antibodies to Leishmania infantum. Our results showed neutrophilia with hypoalbuminemia in CanL. So, in an attempt to assess the relationship of these two available markers, we used NAR calculation in order to evaluate the changes induced by CanL. In this study NAR was higher in CanL when compared to control dogs. Thus, our data indicate that NLR and NAR could be used as biomarkers in veterinary medical clinics in order to assess inflammatory profile in CanL, mainly in asymptomatic dogs. These parameters obtained from routine blood tests might be useful as cost-effective, easily accessible and helpful markers in order to distinguish the inflammatory response intensity in CanL.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Biomarkers/blood , Leishmaniasis/veterinary , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dog Diseases/blood , Hematologic Tests/veterinary , Dogs , Neglected Diseases/veterinary
12.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(2): e026720, 2021. graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1288695

ABSTRACT

Abstract Dogs are the main urban reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is transmitted by sand flies. In the state of Paraná, the first detection of a positive dog for VL was in 2014, this year Paraná lost free status for this disease (VL). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Palotina, the occurrence of vectors that may transmit Leishmania infantum, and the number of notifications of human visceral leishmaniasis cases from period 2010 to 2020. To determine the occurrence of canine visceral leishmaniasis, blood samples from 204 dogs were analyzed using the rapid test DPP® to detect anti-L. infantum antibodies. To investigate the occurrence of potential vectors, monthly collections were made at 18 points within the urban area of the municipality. The number of human visceral leishmaniasis cases was investigated from Epidemiological Surveillance records. None of the serologically tested dogs showed positive titration. Only two specimens of Lutzomyia neivai, one of Lutzomyia sp. and four of Brumptomyia brumpti specimens were collected. No human visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported. These results suggest that there is no evidence of circulation of L. infantum in Palotina.


Resumo Os cães são os principais reservatórios urbanos da Leishmania infantum, agente causador da leishmaniose visceral (VL), transmitida por vetores conhecidos como flebotomíneos. No Paraná, a primeira detecção de casos positivos caninos ocorreu em 2014, ano em que o Paraná perdeu o status de estado indene. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Palotina, a ocorrência de vetores que possam transmitir Leishmania infantum e o número de notificação de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana, no período de 2010 a 2020. Para determinar a ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral canina, amostras de sangue de 204 cães foram analisadas, utilizando-se o teste rápido (DPP®) para detectar anticorpos anti-L. infantum. Com o objetivo de investigar a ocorrência de potenciais vetores, coletas foram realizadas mensalmente em 18 pontos na área urbana do município. O número de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana foi investigado a partir de registros da Vigilância Epidemiológica. Nenhum cão testado foi positivo no teste sorológico. Apenas dois espécimes de Lutzomyia neivai, uma de Lutzomyia sp. e quatro de Brumptomyia brumpti foram coletados. Nenhum caso de leishmaniose visceral humana foi notificado. Esses resultados sugerem que não há evidência da circulação de L. infantum em Palotina.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities , One Health , Insect Vectors
13.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(3): e006621, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1288698

ABSTRACT

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the level of exposure to Leishmania infection in stray dogs in an area of intense visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Blood samples from 178 dogs were analyzed using serological and molecular assays: rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (cPCR and qPCR). Positivity values obtained with serological tests were 71.4% (127/178), 70.2% (125/178), and 50.6% (90/178) using ICT, ELISA, and IFAT, respectively, with 38.8% (69/178) of the dogs were simultaneously positive for all three tests. The positivity values obtained with cPCR and qPCR were 20.2% (36/178) and 38.8% (69/178), respectively, with 11.8% (21/178) testing positive in both molecular assays. Overall, 87.1% (155/178) were positive for anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies and/or Leishmania spp. DNA. Positivity to one or more tests was statistically associated with lymphadenomegaly, skin lesions, lymphocytosis, anemia and hyperproteinemia. The results of this study revealed a high level of exposure to Leishmania in stray dogs in an area of intense human visceral leishmaniasis transmission, suggesting that dogs play a role as reservoirs in the transmission cycle of this zoonosis.


Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o nível de exposição à infecção por Leishmania em cães errantes de uma área de transmissão intensa de leishmaniose visceral no estado de Pernambuco. Amostras de sangue de 178 cães foram avaliadas por testes sorológicos e moleculares: teste imunocromatográfico (IC), ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), teste de imunofluorescência de anticorpos (RIFI), reação em cadeia da polimerase convencional e quantitativa (cPCR e qPCR). Os valores de positividade obtidos com os testes sorológicos foram 71,4% (127/178), 70,2% (125/178) e 50,6% (90/178) com IC, ELISA e RIFI, respectivamente. E com 38,8% (69/178) dos cães mostraram-se simultaneamente positivos aos três testes. Os valores de positividade obtidos por cPCR e qPCR foram 20,2% (36/178) e 38,8% (69/178), respectivamente. E com 11,8% (21/178) dos cães foram positivos em ambos os testes moleculares. No geral, 87,1% (155/178) foram positivos para anticorpos anti-Leishmania spp. e/ou material genético de Leishmania spp. A positividade a um ou mais testes foi estatisticamente associada à linfonodomegalia, lesões cutâneas, linfocitose, anemia e hiperproteinemia. Os resultados do estudo revelam um alto nível de exposição à Leishmania spp. em cães errantes em uma área de transmissão intensa de leishmaniose visceral humana, sugerindo que eles podem desempenhar um papel como reservatórios no ciclo de transmissão dessa zoonose.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Dogs , Leishmaniasis/veterinary , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmania/genetics , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Brazil/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology
14.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(3): e004821, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1288702

ABSTRACT

Abstract Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonotic disease of high lethality caused by Leishmania infantum in the Americas. In the infected dog, the amastigotes are scarce in blood, especially in the late phase of the disease. This study aimed to report a rare case of L. infantum amastigotes found in neutrophils from peripheral blood of a naturally infected dog in terminal phase of CVL, also describing its clinical status before and after treatment with miltefosine 2%. The dog, which presented as polysymptomatic and with classical signs and symptoms of CVL was submitted to the following tests: Dual Path Platform (DPP) rapid test, ELISA and parasitological examination of peripheral blood. Hematological and biochemical parameters were obtained before and after treatment. All diagnostic tests were positive for CVL. The identification of L. infantum amastigotes inside neutrophils from peripheral blood was confirmed through microscopy, and the species was confirmed by molecular analysis. At the end of the treatment, peripheral parasitemia was not detected, and improvements were observed in clinical and laboratorial parameters. Finally, this atypical finding can be used as example to raise discussions about the real immunological role of neutrophils in late phases of CVL and its clinical/therapeutic implications.


Resumo A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença zoonótica de alta letalidade causada por Leishmania infantum nas Américas. No cão infectado, as formas amastigotas são escassas no sangue, principalmente na fase tardia da doença. Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar um caso raro de amastigotas de L. infantum encontradas em neutrófilos do sangue periférico de um cão naturalmente infectado e terminal da LVC, descrevendo também seu estado clínico antes e após o tratamento com miltefosina a 2%. O cão, que se apresentou como polissintomático e com sinais e sintomas clássicos da LVC foi submetido aos seguintes testes: teste rápido Dual Path Platform (DPP), ELISA e exame parasitológico de sangue periférico. Os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos foram obtidos antes e após o tratamento. Todos os testes diagnósticos foram positivos para LVC. A identificação de formas amastigotas de L. infantum, dentro de neutrófilos do sangue periférico foi confirmada por microscopia, e a espécie foi confirmada por análise molecular. Ao final do tratamento, não foi detectada parasitemia periférica, observando-se melhora dos parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. Por fim, esse achado atípico pode ser usado como exemplo para levantar discussões sobre o real papel imunológico dos neutrófilos nas fases tardias da LVC e suas implicações clínicas/terapêuticas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Neutrophils
15.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(3): e009121, 2021.
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1288705

ABSTRACT

Abstract The dog is the main domestic reservoir of Leishmania and font of infection for the vector, constituting an important host for the transmission of the parasite to humans. Non-invasive collection of swab samples for leishmaniasis diagnosis has been a promising alternative. This study analyzed the positivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis in conjunctiva samples. DNA extraction was performed using SDS 20% and PCR was performed using 13A/13B primers that amplify 120-bp of Leishmania kDNA. Of the 77 dogs analyzed, 50 (64.93%) had ocular changes: 25 (32.47%) dogs had periocular lesion, 41 (53.25%) dogs had purulent eye discharge, and 17 (22.08%) dogs had both signals. PCR was positive in 35 dogs (45.45%), and there was no significant difference between dogs with and without ocular signals (p=0.4074). PCR positivity was significant higher in dogs without periocular injury (p=0.0018). Conjunctive PCR, a less invasive, fast, and painless collection technique, is indicated to complement the diagnosis, especially in dogs without periocular injury, independent of the presence of purulent eye discharge.


Resumo O cão é o principal reservatório doméstico de Leishmania e também fonte de infecção para o vetor, constituindo um importante hospedeiro para a transmissão do parasita ao homem. A coleta não invasiva de amostras em swab para diagnóstico das leishmanioses tem sido uma alternativa promissora. Este estudo analisou a positividade da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para o diagnóstico de leishmaniose canina em amostras de conjuntiva. A extração do DNA foi realizada com SDS 20%. A PCR foi realizada com primers 13A/13B que amplificam 120-pb do kDNA de Leishmania. Dos 77 cães analisados, 50 (64,93%) tiveram alterações oculares; 25 (32,47%) cães tiveram uma lesão periocular; 41 (53,25%) tiveram secreção ocular purulenta e 17 (22,08%) cães tiveram ambos os sinais. A PCR foi positiva em 35 cães (45,45%) e não houve diferença significativa em cães com e sem sinais oculares (p = 0,4074). A positividade da PCR foi significativamente maior em cães sem lesão periocular (p = 0,0018). PCR em conjuntiva, uma técnica de coleta menos invasiva, rápida e indolor, é indicada para complementar o diagnóstico, principalmente em cães sem lesão periocular, independentemente da presença de secreção ocular purulenta.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Leishmania/genetics , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , DNA , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Conjunctiva
16.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(2): e023620, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1251372

ABSTRACT

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution that has a major impact on public health. The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of canine infection by Leishmania infantum, the factors associated with the infection and its spatial distribution in the municipality of Mãe D'Água, in the Sertão region of Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 150 dogs for diagnosis by the DPP®, ELISA-S7®, ELISA-EIE® and qPCR assays. The prevalence was calculated considering the positivity in at least two tests. SaTScan® was used for spatial analysis. The prevalence of canine infection with Leishmania was 18.6% (28/150), with the rural area being identified as a risk factor (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.93). The permanence of the dog loose during the night (OR = 0.33) and deworming (OR = 0.30) were identified as protective factors. A risk cluster was formed in the northern region of the urban area. Mãe D'Água showed a pattern of active transmission in the rural area, but VL control measures also need to be carried out in the urban area to prevent human cases and the spread of the disease in the risk zone.


Resumo A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma zoonose com distribuição mundial de grande impacto na saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência da infecção canina por Leishmania infantum, os fatores associados à infecção e sua distribuição espacial no município de Mãe D'Água, na região do Sertão da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 150 cães para diagnóstico pelos ensaios DPP®, ELISA-S7®, ELISA-EIE® e qPCR. A prevalência foi calculada considerando-se a positividade em pelo menos dois testes. O SaTScan® foi utilizado para a análise espacial. A prevalência da infecção canina com Leishmania foi de 18,6% (28/150), sendo a zona rural identificada como fator de risco (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2,93). A permanência do cão solto durante a noite (OR = 0,33) e a vermifugação (OR = 0,30) foram classificadas como fatores de proteção. Um cluster de risco foi formado na região Norte da área urbana. Mãe D'Água apresentou um padrão de transmissão ativa na área rural, porém medidas de controle da LVC também precisam ser realizadas na área urbana para evitar casos humanos e a dispersão da doença na zona de risco.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Leishmaniasis/veterinary , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
17.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(2): e022620, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1251390

ABSTRACT

Abstract Efforts to control a zoonotic disease such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum can be successful if they rely on comprehensive data on animal infection. In Bahia state, Brazil, human VL is endemic, yet some areas have no epidemiological data on canine L. infantum infection and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) to date. We aimed to perform an epidemiological study describing the spatial distribution and characterizing canine L. infantum infection in two districts of the municipality of Muritiba, where human cases have occurred. Brazilian official serodiagnostic protocol (ELISA and immunochromatographic tests), PCR and clinical examination were performed in 351 owned dogs. A seroprevalence of 15.7% (55/351) was found, and L. infantum identified in 88.8% (32/36) of PCR tested samples. Spatial distribution of positive dogs indicated infection in both urban and rural districts. There was no association between seropositivity and sex or breed, but dogs older than 2 years were 3.8 times more likely to be seropositive (95% CI 1.57 - 9.18) than younger dogs. Among seropositive dogs, 80% (44/55) had clinical manifestations of CanL: 75% (33/44) presented dermatopathy, 50% (22/44) emaciation, and 29.5% (13/44) ophthalmopathy. This is the first report on canine seroprevalence and natural L. infantum infection in Muritiba, Bahia.


Resumo O sucesso dos esforços para controlar uma doença zoonótica como a leishmaniose visceral (LV), causada por Leishmania infantum, depende de dados abrangentes sobre a infecção animal. Na Bahia, Brasil, embora a LV humana seja endêmica, diversos municípios, como Muritiba, ainda não dispõem de dados epidemiológicos sobre infecção por L. infantum e leishmaniose canina (LCan). Objetivou-se realizar um estudo epidemiológico para descrever a distribuição espacial e caracterizar a infecção canina por L. infantum em dois distritos de Muritiba, onde notificam-se casos humanos. Foi aplicado o protocolo sorodiagnóstico oficial brasileiro (ELISA e imunocromatografia), PCR e exame clínico em 351 cães domiciliados. Encontrou-se uma soroprevalência de 15,7% (55/351) e positividade de 88,8% (32/36) na PCR para L. infantum. A distribuição espacial dos cães positivos indicou infecção em ambos os distritos, urbano e rural. Não houve associação entre soropositividade e sexo ou raça, mas cães com idade acima de 2 anos foram 3,8 vezes mais soropositivos (IC 95% 1,57 - 9,18). Dentre os cães soropositivos, 80% (44/55) apresentavam manifestações clínicas de LCan: 75% (33/44) apresentavam dermatopatia; 50% (22/44) emagrecimento e 29,5% (13/44) oftalmopatia. Este é o primeiro estudo a determinar a soroprevalência e confirmar a circulação natural de L. infantum e LCan em cães de Muritiba.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Dogs , Leishmaniasis/veterinary , Leishmania infantum , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Antibodies, Protozoan , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Cities , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
18.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 116: e200428, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154875

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Dogs are the main peridomiciliary reservoir of Leishmania infantum thus the correct diagnosis of infection is essential for the control of the transmission and treatment as well. However, the diagnosis is based on serological assays that are not fully effective. OBJECTIVE We aimed to establish an effective serological assay for the diagnosis of L. infantum infected dogs using Leishmania-derived recombinant antigens. METHODS Leishmania derived rK39-, rK28-, rKR95-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized using symptomatic and asymptomatic L. infantum-infected dogs. Then 2,530 samples from inquiry in endemic areas for VL were evaluated and the results compared with recommended assays by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH algorithm). Further samples from a cohort of 30 dogs were searched. FINDINGS For rK39-, rK28- and rKR95-ELISA the sensitivity was around 97% and specificity 100%. The positivity of these three ELISA in the inquiry samples was 27-28%, around 10% higher than the assays currently in use. When cohort samples were searched, we observed likely false-negative results (> 65%) with supposedly negative samples that turned positive six months later with the assays in use (MH algorithm). MAIN CONCLUSIONS For the diagnosis of L. infantum-infected dogs, rK39-based ELISA showed better diagnostic performance than other assays in use in Brazil and worldwide.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/standards , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Leishmania infantum/immunology , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Recombinant Proteins/immunology , Brazil , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Serologic Tests , Sensitivity and Specificity , Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/blood , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Antigens, Protozoan/biosynthesis
19.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 116: e200571, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154878

ABSTRACT

Leishmania infantum chagasi is the causative agent and Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. We investigated the expression of Leishmania genes within L. longipalpis after artificial infection. mRNAs from genes involved in sugar and amino acid metabolism were upregulated at times of high parasite proliferation inside the insect. mRNAs from genes involved in metacyclogenesis had higher expression in late stages of infection. Other modulated genes of interest were involved in immunomodulation, purine salvage pathway and protein recycling. These data reveal aspects of the adaptation of the parasite to the microenvironment of the vector gut and reflect the preparation for infection in the vertebrate.


Subject(s)
Animals , Psychodidae/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Psychodidae/genetics , Brazil , Gene Expression , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Life Cycle Stages
20.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 54: e01822021, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1340830

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis in Brazil. Previous identification of parasitized dogs can also help prevent the disease in humans, even in non-endemic areas of the country. The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends diagnosis in dogs using a DPP® (rapid test) as a screening test and an immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) as a confirmatory test (DPP®+ELISA), and culling infected dogs as a legal control measure. However, the accuracy of these serological tests has been questioned. METHODS: VL in dogs was investigated in a non-endemic area of the São Paulo state for three consecutive years, and the performances of different diagnostic tests were compared. RESULTS: A total of 331 dog samples were collected in 2015, 373 in 2016, and 347 in 2017. The seroprevalence by DPP®+ELISA was 3.3, 3.2, and 0.3%, respectively, and by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), it was 3.0, 5.6, and 5.5%, respectively. ELISA confirmed 18.4% of DPP® positive samples. The concordance between the IFA and DPP® was 83.9%. The concordance between IFA and DPP®+ELISA was 92.9%. A molecular diagnostic test (PCR) was performed in 63.2% of the seropositive samples, all of which were negative. CONCLUSIONS: In non-endemic areas, diagnostic tests in dogs should be carefully evaluated to avoid false results.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Antibodies, Protozoan , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Pathology, Molecular
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